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Black jack (fish)
The black jack, ''Caranx lugubris'' (also known as the black trevally, black kingfish, coal fish and black ulua), is a species of large ocean fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species has a circumtropical distribution, found in oceanic, offshore waters of the tropical zones of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The species is particularly prevalent around offshore islands such as the Caribbean islands in the Atlantic, Hawaii and French Polynesia in the Pacific and the Seychelles and Maldives in the Indian Ocean. Black jack are rare in shallow waters, preferring deep reefs, ledges and seamounts in clear waters. The species is easily distinguished by its black to grey fins and jet black scutes, with the head having a steep profile near the snout. The largest recorded length is 1 m and weight of 17.9 kg. The black jack lives either individually or in small schools, and is known to school with other species. It is a predatory fish, taking a variety of fish, crustaceans and molluscs as prey. Sexual maturity is reached at 34.6 cm in females and 38.2 cm in males, with spawning taking place between February and September in the Caribbean. The early life history of the species is very poorly understood. Black jack are of high importance to many island fisheries, but are rarely encountered in most continental fisheries. The species has a reputation as a gamefish, and is variably considered a terrible or excellent food fish, although several cases of ciguatera poisoning have been attributed to the species. The species was initially named ''Caranx ascensionis'' by Georges Cuvier, however several issues with the use of this name have seen Felipe Poey's name ''Caranx lugubris'' become the valid scientific name.
==Taxonomy and naming==
The black jack is classified within the genus ''Caranx'', one of a number of groups known as the jacks or trevallies. ''Caranx'' itself is part of the larger jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, a group of percoid fishes in the order Perciformes.
The taxonomic history of the black jack is quite complex, with the species first referred to in error as ''Scomber adscensionis'' (Osbeck, 1771), which was also used to describe what is now known as ''Pseudocaranx dentex''. Georges Cuvier resurrected this name when he described the species as ''Caranx ascensionis'' in 1833. This was the first naming pertaining to the fish, and would normally have priority over any names assigned later. However the species as it is currently known, was first scientifically described in 1860 by the Cuban zoologist Felipe Poey in his two volume work ''Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba'', or "Natural History of the Island of Cuba". He assigned the species to the jack genera ''Caranx'', and gave the Latin specific epithet of ''lugubris'', meaning "mournful", or "pertaining to mourning". Although the description was based on a fish from Cuba, no holotype is known for the species. Poey initially described his species as different from Cuvier's ''C. ascensionis'', however he later placed both ''C. lugubris'' and another species he had named, ''C. frontalis'', in synonymy with ''C. ascensionis''.〔 In later work, Poey again listed these three names as synonyms, but treated ''C. lugubris'' as valid, noting that Cuvier's name had also been used for ''Pseudocaranx dentex''.〔 Most later taxonomic revisions supported Poey's judgement, with the name ''C. ascensionis'' often considered a junior secondary homonym. William Smith-Vaniz and John Randall put forth a proposal to the ICZN in 1994 to formally instate ''C. lugubris'' as the species name,〔 which was accepted in 1996.
The species common names all refer to the black hue displayed by the fish, with the name 'black jack' most commonly used. Other names include 'black trevally', 'black kingfish', 'coal fish' and 'black ulua' in Hawaii.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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